ATmega32A datasheet(52/352 Pages) ATMEL

52 / 352 page

8155B–AVR–07/09

ATmega32A

If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port pin is driven

high (one). If PORTxn is written logic zero when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port

pin is driven low (zero).

When switching between tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) and output high ({DDxn, PORTxn}

= 0b11), an intermediate state with either pull-up enabled ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01) or output

low ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b10) must occur. Normally, the pull-up enabled state is fully accept-

able, as a high-impedant environment will not notice the difference between a strong high driver

and a pull-up. If this is not the case, the PUD bit in the SFIOR Register can be set to disable all

pull-ups in all ports.

Switching between input with pull-up and output low generates the same problem. The user

must use either the tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) or the output high state ({DDxn, PORTxn}

= 0b11) as an intermediate step.

Table 12-1 summarizes the control signals for the pin value.

12.2.2

Reading the Pin Value

Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through the

PINxn Register bit. As shown in Figure 12-2, the PINxn Register bit and the preceding latch con-

stitute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin changes value

near the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a delay. Figure 12-3 shows a timing dia-

gram of the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin value. The maximum and

minimum propagation delays are denoted t

pd,max and tpd,min respectively.

Table 12-1.

Port Pin Configurations

DDxn

PORTxn

PUD

(in SFIOR)

I/O

Pull-up

Comment

Input

Tri-state (Hi-Z)

Input

Yes

Pxn will source current if ext. pulled low.

Input

Tri-state (Hi-Z)

Output

Output Low (Sink)

Output

Output High (Source)

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